Why is it important not to apply ice packs directly to the skin?
a. applying ice directly to the skin won't reduce swelling.
b. applying ice directly to the skin does not decrease pain.
c. applying ice directly to the skin can result in nerve damage.
d. applying ice directly to the skin increases bleeding.

At 2: 00 am, a 17-year-old boy, accompanied by his 19-year-old girlfriend, had driven to the bar to give his father (who had been drinking large amounts of alcohol) a ride home. on the way back, they were involved in a motor vehicle collision. the boy has a large laceration with profuse bleeding on his forehead. his girlfriend is unconscious in the front passenger floor. the father is standing outside the vehicle, appearing heavily intoxicated, and is refusing care. what is the best way to gain consent to begin care when his father has an altered mental status or is unconscious? a. phone his mother for consent. b. call his grandparents for consent. c. it is a true emergency, so consent is implied. d. you are covered under the good samaritan laws.