The effect is when a research participant changes his/her behavior because of the expectations he/she holds of how to behave rather than the procedures of the experiment.

The federal child abuse prevention and treatment act (capta; 42 u. s.c. a. § 5106g) makes it mandatory for parents, guardians, and professionals dealing with children to all acts of child abuse they encounter.

Which of the following represents a difference between viruses and viroids? a) viruses infect many types of cells, whereas viroids infect only prokaryotic cells. b) viruses have capsids composed of protein, whereas viroids have no capsids. c) viruses have genomes composed of rna, whereas viroids have genomes composed of dna. d) viruses cannot pass through plasmodesmata, whereas viroids can.

In 2009, a flu pandemic was believed to have originated when viral transmission occurred from pig to human, thereby earning the designation, "swine flu." although pigs are thought to have been the breeding ground for the 2009 virus, sequences from bird, pig, and human viruses were all found within this newly identified virus. what is the most likely explanation of why this virus contained sequences from bird, pig, and human viruses? a) the virus was descended from a common ancestor of bird, pig, and human flu viruses. b) the infected individuals happened to be infected with all three virus types. c) related viruses can undergo genetic recombination if the rna genomes mix and match during viral assembly. d) the human was likely infected with various bacterial strains that contained all three rna viruses.