95 points

1. describe the structure of a neuron and explain the function of each of its major parts.

2. explain the interaction between the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

3. if the corpus callosum is severed, how might this affect the way that we perceive the world?

4. how might modern brain imaging techniques be useful to psychologists?

5. explain at least one potential implication for the genetic diagnosis of traits such as intelligence and criminality.

6. briefly explain freud's theory of dreams.

7. explain gestalt theory, and cite an example.

8. explain the difference between absolute threshold and difference threshold.

9. explain, in detail, the process of vision.

10. describe the gestalt principles of proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure.

answer:

1. neurons (nerve cells) have three parts that carry out the functions of communication and integration: dendrites, axons, and axon terminals. they have a fourth part the cell body or soma, which carries out the basic life processes of neurons. neurons have a single axon is the output of the neuron.

2. the central nervous system, the main data center of the body, includes the brain and spinal cord. the peripheral nervous system includes all of the neurons that sense and communicate data to the central nervous system.

3. the severed corpus callosum will act as having two brains in one body. each part of the hemisphere will have its own perception, speech and thought. there is a possibility that the individual wears a pant due to the signals from one hemisphere and the other hemisphere of brain signals to down the pant.

4. these modern brain imaging techniques can be useful to psychologists because they can them to analyze brain functions. the brain controls everything in the body. if there is a problem, these techniques can them to determine if there is a psychological issue or a real problem.

5. when we're trying to determine a genetic foundation for intelligence and criminality we're allowing for the possibility of genetic determinism being a true thing which we obviously know it's not. for that reason it might be problematic to conclude anything about a genetic diagnosis for either of those considering there are always multiple variables which are at play.

6. consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, sigmund freud's theory of dreams suggested that dreams represented unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations. according to freud's psychoanalytic view of personality, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness.

7. gestalt theory emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts. that is, the attributes of the whole are not deducible from analysis of the parts in isolation. the word gestalt is used in modern german to mean the way a thing has been “placed,” or “put together.” there is no exact equivalent in english. gestalt laws of perceptual organization. the law of closure is one example of a gestalt law of perceptual organization. according to this principle, things in the environment often tend to be seen as part of a whole.

8. an absolute threshold is the minimum level of intensity of a particular stimulus that a person can notice with their senses. a difference threshold is the minimum or least difference between stimuli that a person can notice.

9. vision, humans' most important sense, involves a complicated process of converting light signals into images in the brain. light passes through the lens, where it is focused, to the retina where photoreceptors called rods and cones convert the information to electrical impulses that can be interpreted by the brain.

10. gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules. these principles are organized into five categories: proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and connectedness.

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