Which of the following best describes the effects that fetal alcohol syndrome has on a child's mental abilities? a. fetal alcohol syndrome can cause parts of the brain to shut down, leading to a learning disability. b. fetal exposure to alcohol can damage a child's central nervous system, making it physically painful for them to learn fine motor skills. c. fetal alcohol syndrome can cause parts of the brain to be underdeveloped and can cause mental limitations. d. fetal exposure to alcohol is the cause of numerous mental abnormalities, such as a smaller cerebrum.

A. Fetal alcohol syndrome can cause parts of the brain to shut down, leading to a learning disability.

Babies exposed to alcohol in the womb can develop fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). These disorders include a wide range of physical, behavioral, and learning problems. The most severe type of FASD is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). 

Poor growth. Newborns may have low birth weights and small head sizes. They may not grow or gain weight as well as other children and may be short as adults.

Birth defects. Developing babies may have heart, bone, and kidney problems. Vision problems and hearing loss are common.

Seizures and other neurologic problems, such as poor balance and coordination.

Delayed development. Kids may not reach milestones at the expected time.

Behavioral problems. Babies may be fussy or jittery, and have trouble sleeping. Older children and teens may have:

* a lack of coordination and poor fine motor skills
* poor social skills (difficulty getting along with friends and relating to others, etc.)
* learning difficulties, including poor memory, difficulty in school