What movement arose to challenge the elitist practices of the catholic church? ?

The answer to the question above is the Protestant Reformation.
Protestant Reformation, also known as Reformation, was started by Martin Luther in 16th century when he posted the Ninety-five Theses in 1517. John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other Protestant Reformers continued what Martin Luther started until the Reformation lasted in 1648 during the Thirty Years' War.

Mantle convection is the process that drives plate tectonics. the theory of plate tectonics states that the crust is divided into plates that float on the semi molten mantle below. the circular motion of the magma as it slowly rises and falls or move though convection cells drags the plates along causing them to move. the heat source in the lamp would represent the earth's core. the core is the source of energy that drives convection in the mantle. the lava represents molten magma under the earth's surface. if the lava lamp had floating pieces they would move as the circular motion of the lava in the lamp as it rises and falls would move them along the surface. these floating pieces would represent pieces of the earth's crust.