8. In , the entire organization is made up of work groups or teams. Its advantages include empowerment of team members and reduced barriers among functional areas. It also has disadvantages, including a clear chain of command and great pressure on teams to perform. 10. It pertains to the usual or old-fashioned ways.

11. Refers to contemporary or new design theories.

12. This organizational design has few departments, wide span of control,

or a big number of subordinates directly reporting to a manager; has a centralized

authority figure and has very little formalization of work; usually used by companies

that start out as entrepreneurial ventures.