Which of the following can create islands?

As volcanoes erupt, they build up layers of lava that may eventually break the water's surface. When the tops of the volcanoes appear above the water, an island is formed. While the volcano is still beneath the ocean surface, it is called a seamount. Oceanic islands can form from different types of volcanoes.

Explanation:

b.

developed countries have tended to improve the environment, while developing countries have tended to damage it.