Of the following have contributed the most to the devastation in africa?

a) tribal warfare and the lack of common language
b) ethnic cleansing and the distrust of other ethnicities
c) international aid and the paternalistic culture it has created
d) corrupt leaders and the legacy of colonial rule

Corrupt leaders and the legacy of colonial rule

Explanation:

Although many people prefer to blame tribal warfare on the devastation in Africa, the truth is that corrupt leaders and the legacy of colonial rule play more of a role than anything else.

answer; i believe that one of the correct answers is preventing human development;