An unintended consequence of the geographic phenomena shown in the image includes all of the following EXCEPT gentrification of the area
little protection from weather conditions
rapidly spreading diseases
lack of a tax base
an underground economy

the answer is:

c. islam and christianity

explanation:

islam and christianity are widely practiced in africa. islam is practiced due to its spread from the middle east into africa, and christianity is practiced due to the colonization of africa by the british empire.

answerformal;