How to identify a maps scale?
What would this map be considered?

First, find yourself a map. Then, using two points, find both the distance on the map and the true distance. Next, you divide the true distance by the measured map distance, and find your scale. Last, you need to place that ratio onto your map.

Explanation:

For the first question

heat released by collision processes during accretion, and heat from decay of radioactive elements

explanation:

separation of church and state? not sure what you mean.