How natural elements affect the Nile river

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most information deals with Egypt; few studies have been done in Sudan, Ethiopia and Tanzania. Egypt is the most populous, agricultural and industrial country in the basin. Therefore, most sewage release to the river takes place in Lower Egypt. Lakes in northern Egypt are affected by drainage of polluted water and this affects the diversity of their fish, phytoplank-ton and other microorganisms. Nile pollutants are derived from sources such as industrial wastewater, oil pollution, municipal wastewater, agricultural drainage, and include natural cyanotoxins. In order to monitor pollutants, test organisms are needed in which these compounds can be traced at the tissue level. Various fish, shellfish, aquatic animals, aquatic plants and algae are used for this purpose.

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the first phase of the government’s plan for settlement was building the transcontinental railroad. the railroad provided a way to bring settlers and manufactured goods west and ship their agricultural and mining produce east. the transcontinental railroad was an essential artery for rapid development of the frontier.

the second phase of the government’s plan was a liberal land distribution policy that made it possible for many people to homestead. with these two key elements—transportation and cheap land—the government rapidly achieved its goal of persuading people to move west, settle on farms, and push back the frontier.