In what year did India and Pakistan become independent countries?

In the late 1990s, brazil’s poor people protested about crowded cities land distribution mining permits industrial pollution

1. crust 1 the metallic layer at the earth's center 2. inner core 3 the firm layer between the crust and the asthenosphere 3. lower mantle 2 the layer surrounding the inner core 4. asthenosphere 4 the semi-solid layer between the top layer and the upper mantle 5. upper mantle 5 the layer between the asthenosphere and lower mantle 6. top layer 6 the earth's outermost layer 7. outer core 7 the hottest part of the mantle

Name the two rivers that run through the fertile crescent. how were the rivers both positive and negative to societies of the fertile crescent?