Population regulation occurs when select one: a. the population has reached a stable age distribution. b. density-dependent factors have been operating on birth, death, and emigration rates. c. density-independent factors have been operating on birth, death, and emigration rates. d. the population is close to zero. e. none of the above

c

Explanation:

Population regulation occurs when density-independent factors have been operating on birth, death, and emigration rates.

Population regulation is a density dependent process, meaning that population growth rates are regulated by density of Population.

Density dependent limiting factors cause population per capita growth rate to change. One example is competition for limited food among members of population.  

a. european colonies