What are the four reference points needed to calculate latitude

the center of the earth, the north and south poles, the equator and the Prime Meridian.

Explanation:

To obtain a precise latitude, map makers use 4 universal well-known points of reference that make unanimity among the science community, to ensure consensus.

Those reference points are:

1.) the center of the earth: that is used to calculate the radius of the circles and the various angles to draw the latitude lines.

2). the north and south poles: since the latitude lines have to reach them, starting from the Equator.

3.) the equator: that's latitude 0, so it's a pretty important reference point.

4.) the Prime Meridian, as a perpendicular line for the latitude "rings" and other calculations.

And the same reference points are also used to calculate the longitudes as well.

a. european colonies