Alayer of soil just below the earths surface that stays permanently frozen

In 1915 the german geologist and meteorologist alfred wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which states that parts of the earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core. the fossil record supports and gives credibility to the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics.

How do oceanographers measure the salinity of ocean water?

All of the following statements about the biosphere are true except: a. light and heat from the sun do not affect the biosphere. b. the biosphere gets resources from earth's crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere. c. like "biology", the name for the biosphere comes from the greek word for life. d. the biosphere includes all living organisms on earth's surface.