Excerpt from here begins ye ole memoirs black hawk (sauk indian chief), "surrender speech," 1832 1 you have taken me prisoner with all my warriors. i am much grieved, for i expected, if i did not defeat you, to hold out much longer, and give you more trouble before i surrendered. i tried hard to bring you into ambush, but your last general understands indian fighting. the first one was not so wise. when i saw that i could not beat you by indian fighting, i determined to rush on you, and fight you face to face. i fought hard. but your guns were well aimed. the bullets flew like birds in the air, and whizzed by our ears like the wind through the trees in the winter. my warriors fell around me; it began to look dismal. i saw my evil day at hand. the sun rose dim on us in the morning, and at night it sunk in a dark cloud, and looked like a ball of fire. that was the last sun that shone on black hawk. his heart is dead, and no longer beats quick in his bosom. he is now a prisoner to the white men; they will do with him as they wish. but he can stand torture, and is not afraid of death. he is no coward. black hawk is an indian. where does the point of view shift in the first paragraph of this passage? a) it shifts from first person point of view to third person point of view with the sentence: "that was the last sun that shone on black hawk." b) it shifts from second person point of view to third person point of view with the sentence: "that was the last sun that shone on black hawk." c) it shifts from first person point of view to a second person point of view with the sentence: "the bullets flew like birds in the air, and whizzed by our ears like the wind through the trees in the winter. " d) it shifts from second person point of view to first person point of view with the sentence: "i am much grieved, for i expected, if i did not defeat you, to hold out much longer, and give you more trouble before i surrendered."

there are number of topics. you can pick any one of these topics:

what: when quoting a source, use the author’s words verbatim, or word-for-word. this means you shouldn’t change any grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc. put quotations around the words to tell your reader where the quote begins and where it ends.

you also need to acknowledge the author. for example, if using mla format for your research paper, you should have in-text citations with the author’s name and page number listed at the end of each quote.

when: use quotations to provide concrete examples to support your claims. using direct quotations is a great way to build your credibility on the subject. it’s also a good idea to quote your source when the author states things in a powerful way. if you think he or she said it best, then use the exact words to share the ideas.

example: in the short story “a jury of her peers”, mrs. hale compares mrs. wright to her caged bird, saying “she—come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself. real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and—fluttery. how—she—did—change” (glaspell).

paraphrasing

what: paraphrasing differs from quoting because you restate the passage in your own words. since you don’t use the author’s words, you don’t need to use quotation marks. however, you still need to acknowledge the author for his or her ideas.

when paraphrasing a text, you should communicate the full meaning of the text; don’t change the meaning. it can be a condensed version of the text, or it could end up being longer than the source it’s paraphrasing.

when: you use paraphrasing when you take notes, or explain a chart or diagram to someone. paraphrasing highlight the important parts of a larger text. it also allows you to simplify the ideas for your readers.

example:

original: “it was no ordinary thing that called her away–it was probably further from ordinary than anything that had ever happened in dickson county. but what her eye took in was that her kitchen was in no shape for leaving: her bread all ready for mixing, half the flour sifted and half unsifted” (glaspell).

paraphrase: as mrs. hales walks around mrs. wright’s home, she notices that the kitchen is in disarray as if she was in the middle of baking bread (glaspell).