Whom does gates call the "midwife of african american literature"?

By comparing part 1 and 2 of polar opposites what does it mean by polar opposites

How does thoreau defend his approach in the second paragraph of "economy" inwalden? -he uses the word "t" because he feels it sounds more interesting-he does not use first-person point of view because his is a fictional account-he uses first-person point of view to get his readers' attention-he uses the word "t" for the sake of sincerity and honesty.

Armed with invisible ink, a cipher system, and a passion to end the war and preserve the union, elizabeth van lew became butler's eyes and ears in the confederate capital city. truth be told, however, she became much more than that. she became a spymaster, the person responsible for running a network of agents, couriers, and safe houses that was very active during the war. in addition to the spying, elizabeth van lew continued to maintain her church hill home as a safe house and something of a local union spy headquarters. —the dark game, paul janeczko what is the central idea of this passage? van lew’s home was used as a safe house, which was critical to the confederacy. van lew had a passion to end the war and preserve the union. van lew was a spymaster, a leading force in the espionage activities for the union. van lew did not enjoy working for general butler.