Although planets resemble stars as one observes the night sky, the planets change position from night to night in relation to the stars. like the sun, the planets appear to rise in the east and set in the west. when a planet travels westward in relation to the stars, its motion is called retrograde." based on the preceding paragraph, what does the word retrograde mean? decrease increase backwards forwards

This thinning would materially change the sound of the drum, evidence that although it might continue to be used for its original purpose of music-making or calling people to arms, it would now do so with a different voice. a musical instrument had become a trophy, and the new carvings were in fact branding, a statement of the north’s political dominance over central africa and of allegiance to islam. the drum had come to khartoum at a critical moment in sudanese history. in an audio version, stressing the word "branding" would do what for the listener? emphasize the word's importance and the idea that followsadd emphasis to the following sentencesignal that something important has just been repeatedadd emphasis to the preceding sentence