Which formula is used to indicate simple past tense? a. verb + -ed b. verb c. will + verb d. have + verb + -ed

Hello.

Simple past tenses are usually indicated by the word "have" and is proceeded by a verb that ends with "-ed".

Here is an example:
"I have lived in Japan for 5 years."

Your answer is "D.) have verb + -ed"

I hope this helps!