1. the information needed to understand a story = exposition.
Exposition refers to the author giving you some background details necessary for readers to understand what is going on in the story. Exposition is a fancy literary term for introduction to a story, which slowly leads the readers into the plot.
2. artificial ordering of events = plot.
Plot represents what is happening in the story - it refers to the events that occur throughout a novel, or a story. For example, the plot of Harry Potter is a boy going to a wizarding school in order to become powerful enough to defeat his enemy.
3. fictional person = character.
A character is someone who is made up by an author in order to represent people in a novel or a story. For example, in Lord of the Rings, there are characters such as Frodo, Bilbo, Aragorn, Gandalf, etc who all appear in the book.
4. long prose narrative = novel.
A novel is a long narrative in the prose form. Prose is opposite of poetry, which means that it is written in a different way. Novels can be long or short (but definitely longer than a short story). Narrative means that there is something happening in it.
5. the catalyst that begins the major conflict = complication.
Complication refers to an event that complicates everything in a story. Usually this complication will lead to conflicts between characters which will have to be resolved throughout the story if the author wants to have such an ending.
6. partially established by the setting = mood.
Mood of a story refers to what feelings the author is trying to convey through the use of his word choice, setting, characters, events, etc. For example, in The Raven, by Poe, the mood is quite dark and dreary, as well as pessimistic and scary.
7. the turning point in the story that occurs when characters try to resolve the complication = climax.
Climax literally refers to the turning point - after that, the complication will either be resolved and all characters can finally be happy about it, or the opposite may happen - things may end in a very bad way. In Hamlet, for example, the complication ends with everyone dying.
8. the set of events that bring the story to a close = resolution.
Resolution means that a lot of things happened throughout a story, but that everything is solved in the end and the story can finally be completed. Resolution means that there are no more conflicts because everything is resolved.
