Where should commas be added in the following sentences 1.combine flour shortening pecans and cold water to make a tasty pie crust a. after the words "flour and shortening"b. after the words "flour," "shortening" and "pecans"c. no commas added

The correct option is letter "A": commas should be added after the words "flour and Shortening".

Combine flour, shortening, pecans and cold water to make a tasty pie crust.

We use commas to separate and enumerate elements in a serie of three or more items. However, it is unnecessary to use a comma before "and".

Option "B" may be justified by those people who prefer using a comma before the last item in a list. This is known as the Oxford Comma or Serial Comma in a written style. But, this is more frequent in American English rather than in British English.

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the miracle worker themeswilliam gibson

themes and meanings

(comprehensive guide to drama)

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there are two central themes in  the miracle worker: that the human spirit can triumph over even the most daunting of disabilities and that a dedicated teacher can transform the lives of those with whom he or she comes into contact. these inspirational themes have long been personified in the widely known true-life relationship between helen keller and annie sullivan, but  the miracle worker  also dramatizes collateral issues that extend beyond the particular case. underlying helen’s process of learning basic principles of what annie terms “obedience” (decorum, etiquette, and hygiene), there are more universal lessons of self-governance—the inculcation of self-restraint instead of willfulness, the development of self-discipline instead of self-indulgence. only when these lessons have been mastered can helen begin to acquire language—which, annie says, “is to the mind more than light is to the eye.”