Excerpt 1 Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable; that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties; and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice, and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority. However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no foundation, the evidence of known facts will not permit us to deny that they are in some degree true.

Excerpt 2
A republic, by which I mean a government in which a scheme of representation takes place, opens a different prospect, and promises the cure for which we are seeking. Let us examine the points in which it varies from pure democracy, and we shall

Part A
Read this sentence from the passage.

The effect of [delegating power to representatives] is . . . to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country. . . .

Which of the following is the best restatement of the claim Madison is making in this sentence?

A. Representatives represent the people's views; if they do not, the people can elect new ones.
B. Representatives represent the people's views; however, they add their own wisdom as well.
C. Representatives have better views than ordinary citizens; for this reason, the country needs them.
D. Representatives can educate the public to have more refined views; eventually, the public will become wiser.

Part B
Which of the following assumptions about government does Madison most clearly make in the sentence?

A. The only legitimate government is a government run by the people.
B. The best government gives all power to a small body of wise rulers.
C. The people do not always see what is best for the country.
D. The most stable government does not let the people elect its leaders.