1. Clauses necessary to the meanings of the words modified (they are not set off by commas) 2. Contains atleast two independent clauses 3. Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses 4. Has atleast one subject and one predicate, and expresses a complete thought 5. Joins clauses of a unequal rank, introducing a clause of lower rank than the main clause 6. A verb used as another part of speech 7. A verb from ending in -ing used as an adjective 8. A verb from ending in -ing used in a place of a noun 9. A verb from proceded by to, used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb 10. In, with, across, beside, are examples