Examples of inferences include all of the following except
a.
using context clues to determine word meaning
b.
relating text to one's prior knowledge
c.
using text to identify an author's bias
d.
memorizing vocabulary words

D: memorizing vocabulary words

Explanation:

 Memorizing vocabulary words is helpful for an understanding of the meaning of a word itself and not the text or context. Inference  is an opinion or belief someone develops based on the knowledge or information they already have , which has the purpose of helping the reader to grasp the writer's perspective, follow the line of thinking, and understanding and enjoying the story more.  

paine is arguying that they had tried everything before coming to the conclusion that they needed to fight for their freedom.

argument: "every quiet method for peace hath been ineffectual."

claim 1: "our prayers have been rejected with disdain; and only tended to convince us, that nothing flatters vanity, or confirms obstinacy in kings more than repeated petitioning and nothing hath contributed more than that very measure to make the kings of europe absolute."

claim 2: "wherefore, since nothing but blows will do, for god’s sake, let us come to a final separation, and not leave the next generation to be cutting throats, under the violated unmeaning names of parent and child."