Which of the following is a sentence fragment?

A sentence fragment is a group of words that looks like a sentence, but actually isn't a complete sentence. Sentence fragments are usually missing a subject or verb, or they do not express a complete thought. While it may be punctuated to look like a complete sentence, a fragment cannot stand on its own

Explanation:

a-he encouraged islamic schools to introduce greek texts.

d-he invited greek scholars to teach their texts to the locals.

explanation:

the transmission of the greek classics to latin western europe during the middle ages was a key factor in the development of intellectual life in western europe.[1] interest in greek texts and their availability was scarce in the latin west during the earlier middle ages, but as traffic to the east increased so did western scholarship.

mark brainliest and have a great day!