What literary term is used here that man skilled in all ways of contending,
the wanderer, harried for years on end… he
learned the minds of many distant men,
and weathered many bitter nights at sea…”

yes they most likly are and have planed t try to bring human life and supplies there also(due to global warming and other harmful resorces)

the answer is clear boy

i believe it is the first choice (1.)

because the major theme is(“both the wild and civilization have rules.”)

and also as u said,( based on what buck learns within the call of the wild, "both the wild and civilization have rules".this is true of humans within society as well.

due to knowing to much and more becoming knowledgeable most of the people are using their talents that's why they don't need to believe on the hoaxes because they got their humanism in them then the past ones.the main reason why people believe in hoaxes today than ever is due to the potential reach of the internet on the global platform. the artists are using the mindset of the audience to create something that is not even real. and people are even following it up due to the trending pattern.