What is the meaning of phrase and clause?

A phrase is any collection of words that behaves like a part of speech, like a noun phrase (“my brother Stu”), an adjectival phrase (“in a different shade of blue”), or an adverbial phrase (“with elegance and tact”). A clause is any noun phrase plus a verb; they can be sentences, but they don't always have to be

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there are many cases in the crucible where propaganda is present, the types of propagandas that are shown are: bandwagon, testimonial, transfer, and card-stacking. the crucible is mainly focus on the ancient beliefs that people from towns had, if someone didn’t follow the rules they would be punished.

in the story "marionettes inc," in the last line of the story, braling two is referred to by the narrator as the "someone." what does this new identifier imply and how does it add to the drama of the closing scene?