Read the passage below and answer the question. ..and in the fourteenth [fifteenth] century the whole English army, after ravaging the kingdom of France, was
driven back like men petrified with fear, and this brave exploit was performed by a few broken forces
collected and headed by a woman, Joan of Arc.
Why does Paine most likely refer to Joan of Arc?
to demonstrate how cowardly the British army can be
to prove that the British army had been defeated in the past
to enlist the aid of the French government in the fight against Britain
to show that the Americans have God on their side just as Joan of Arc did

"character is what you are in the dark." dwight lyman moody, in this very witty quotation of his, states we act and think differently when we are "in the dark", that is, when the spotlight is not on us and everyone can see us and consequently judge us. when reading, we tend to be sympathetic to some characters and their dilemmas. by being so, we are saying to ourselves that we agree with those characters' acts and choices, even if they are morally questionable if we have common sense in mind. dwight lyman moody's quotation applies very well to "crime and punishment", by   19th century russian writer fiodor dostoyevsky. raskolnikov, the main character, a former law student who spends his days reflecting upon life and its misery, draws a fatal conclusion: mankind is divided in two main categories: ordinary and extraordinary people. the first are the ones who lead a run-of-the-mill existence and are full of imperfections; the latter are the ones who are spiritually superior, the ones who always know better, and have the right to judge the ordinary ones, as well as eliminate them if for common good. raskolnikov considers himself as belonging to the extraordinary category and decides to kill an old lady who is a money lender and in whose house he rents a small room. raskolnikov compares himself to napoleon, who had the undeniable right to execute tons of people during the war in order to save his nation. of course what the main character decides to do is a horrendous crime, but as readers we feel it is the right thing for him to do, since the victim is a mean old woman who only thinks about money and keeps humiliating her younger sister. what one experiences is a mixture of sympathy and empathy for the character, even though he decides to commit homicide, which is not at all accepted or tolerated by civilized citizens. however, since readers are "in the dark", they allow themselves to feel in ways they would probably never dare to confess to anyone, no matter how nasty or vicious a character can be. after all, they are just reading and doing no harm. in other words, readers are in the dark and can be who they are without being judged.

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workshop on enhancing communication around influenza vaccination (weeciv)

centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta, usa,

11-13 june 2013

context

investment in early intervention health care is a proven strategy to decrease high costs burdening the public and government sectors. by strengthening preparedness capacity and supporting low-cost preventative services, mortality rates and the health of populations can be significantly improved. over the past 6 years, considerable investments have been made to establish and expand influenza vaccine manufacturing capacity in developing countries. these investments have improved preparedness for seasonal and pandemic influenza, and have indirectly improved health systems, surveillance, detection, and response activities by leveraging additional support and building capacity within these countries and regions. to fully maximize investments and to ensure sustainability of influenza vaccine manufacturing in developing countries, there is a need to increase national and regional uptake of vaccination.

the percentage of who member states incorporating seasonal influenza vaccination into national immunization programs remains low with significant regional variations. high vaccine and service costs, competing health priorities, difficulties in measuring vaccine efficacy and cost–effectiveness, and adverse public opinion regarding vaccination all influence the policy decisions affecting national immunization programs.

effectively communicating the benefit of influenza vaccination is an essential component to increase the vaccine uptake and inclusion into national influenza immunization programmes. firstly, these benefits need to be understood by the key players that promote vaccination at national level (health promotion departments and healthcare workers). health care workers are increasingly important in influencing vaccination choices, and new appro