Based on the song, “Twelfth Song of Thunder,” the Navajo culture most likely believes that nature is a dangerous enemy.
life in the city is better.
beauty comes from nature.
all living things are disconnected.

the answer is both an appeal to ethos and logos (if that's what your question options were)

c. barbarians with unexpected intelligence  

in "people in peace, not profit and war" chrisholm uses inductive reasoning for her argument against defense spending by stating that the new administration, like most americans, wanted to invest in social objectives, so they must not want to prioritize defense spending. mr. nixon said "we can delay no longer in launching new approaches to the problem that beset them", but chrisholm points out that the programs were delayed anyways.

the answer is "began" because it is a action that can be done