1. When a story refers to another piece of literature (like when someone says he was like the boy who cried wolf, those love birds are like Romeo and Juliet, it's like a David and Goliath match up, or The Simpsons refer to "Tell Tale Heart") it is called:

1.the hosts on two opposing mountains stood,  

2.thick as the foliage of the waving wood;  

3.between them an extensive valley lay,  

4.o'er which the gleaming armour pour'd the day,  

5.when from the camp of the philistine foes,

6. dreadful to view, a mighty warrior rose; in the dire deeds of bleeding battle skill'd,

this is what i put and it was correct

it's a way for authors to communicate with reader in this time period. books from the past can teach us about life.

i also think it is d (sorry if it's not)