Step 1: Read John Winthrop’s "A Model of Christian Charity." Step 2: Listen to the speeches from Kennedy and Reagan and pay careful attention to how they make use of the "city upon a hill" phrase. Puritan leader John Winthrop’s description of American as a "city upon a hill" contributed to the idea of American exceptionalism. The phrase has been recycled by a number of politicians, most notably John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.

(Click here to view Former President John F. Kennedy’s speech) (Click here to view Former President Ronald Reagan’s speech)

Step 3: Based on the speeches of each, how do you think they interpret the phrase "city upon a hill?" Are their interpretations similar to or different from Winthrop’s interpretation? Consider also that Kennedy used the phrase when entering office and Reagan used the phrase as a farewell when leaving office.

Read the excerpt from martin luther king jr.’s "i have a dream” speech. and so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of new hampshire. let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of new york. let freedom ring from the heightening alleghenies of pennsylvania. let freedom ring from the snow-capped rockies of colorado. let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of california. but not only that: let freedom ring from stone mountain of georgia. let freedom ring from lookout mountain of tennessee. let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of mississippi. from every mountainside, let freedom ring. the most likely reason king uses allusions in this part of his speech is to share his knowledge of american geography. compare northern and southern destinations. remind listeners about small-town accountability. encourage listeners to envision freedom everywhere.

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Read the excerpt from part 3 of the call of the wild. but it was in giving the law and making his mates live up to it, that buck excelled. dave and sol-leks did not mind the change in leadership. it was none of their business. their business was to toil, and toil mightily, in the traces. so long as that were not interfered with, they did not care what happened. billee, the good-natured, could lead for all they cared, so long as he kept order. the rest of the team, however, had grown unruly during the last days of spitz, and their surprise was great now that buck proceeded to lick them into shape. what theme is most supported by the ideas in this excerpt? good leaders are strong and intelligent. loyalty can be a very powerful force. only the strong survive in the wilderness. we are all ruled by our natural instincts.