According to transformational grammarians, a {a. transform, b. negative. c. connotation} is created by adding to, negating, or otherwise changing the wording of a {a. contextual, b. semantical, c. kernel} sentence.

The question ask to choose among the following question and base on the questions that you give, the answers are the following:
#1. So according to transformational grammarians a NEGATIVE is created by adding to, negating, or otherwise changing the wording of KERNEL. I hope this would help