Read the excerpt from "Animal Rights Debate.” Resolved: Justice requires the recognition of animal rights. . . .

Affirmative: Recognizing animal rights is simply the morally correct thing to do. Causing pain and suffering to any living thing is morally wrong, whether the victim is a human or an animal. Some animals’ physiological and mental capacities are similar to those of infants. According to Emory University primatologists, studies of chimpanzees suggest that primates use tools, cooperate, and even have a theory of mind. This means that there is evidence that chimps, and perhaps other animals, can reflect on their thoughts and behavior, just like humans. We are no more justified in denying direct moral status to animals than in denying moral status to human beings. . . .

Negative: Animals have no moral rights. They lack any sense of morality. They lack an understanding of their duties toward others. They lack the capacity for free moral judgment.

Philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas have taught that, while human beings engage in rational thought, animals act purely on instinct. Therefore, animals do not behave morally, and they are not members of a moral community.

Since animals have no concept of morality, they are not entitled to any rights—or indeed to any moral or legal consideration at all.

Which statement is an example of a debater using an opponent’s ideas in his or her own argument?

Animals deserve moral and legal rights because animals support and comfort humans in times of need.
Animals do not deserve moral and legal rights because they are incapable of rational thought and because they act on instinct, which makes them dangerous.
While ancient philosophers claimed that animals are not capable of judgment, more recent work from primatologists at Emory University has revealed that chimpanzees show physiological and mental capacities.
Philosophers have built the foundation of modern-day thought on the subject of animals and their lack of any sense of morality. Since animals are unable to behave morally, they do not deserve moral or legal rights.