Pandemic infectious diseases have affected humans ever since we set foot on this planet, the authors explain. They have shaped the form of civilizations.” How this may be true?

Well, although the most prevalent example right now is of course the coronavirus pandemic, events like this have happened all throughout history. Think of the Black Death: it swept through Europe, killing tens of thousands and pretty much ending the system of feudalism. Though in modern times these pandemics have less potential to upend systems, they remain game changers. The H1N1 epidemic - the Spanish flu - sent shockwaves throughout the globe because of its scope and lethality.

i believe the answer is: b. mr. head had a long, tube-like face with a rounded open jaw and a short depressed nose.

this is because in the un-revised sentence it said that mr. heads face was long and tube-like, and he had a rounded open jaw. this is not a very grammatically correct because of how it seems to drag on with the and, replaced with, with, makes it sound more fluent in the description.