Read the excerpt from "Broken Chain
Alfonso sat on the porch trying to push his crooked teeth to where he thought they belonged. He hated the way he looked
Last week he did fifty sit-ups a day, thinking that he would burn those already apparent ripples on his stomach to even
deeper ripples, dark ones, so when he went swimming at the canal next summer, girls in cut-offs would notice. And the guys
would think he was tough someone who could take a punch and give it back. He wanted "cuts like those he had seen on a
calendar of an Aztec warrior standing on a pyramid with a woman in his arms.
Why does Soto most likely open the story with this characterization of Alfonso?
to establish the idea that Alfonso cares a lot about how other people see him
to show that Alfonso has an unrealistic view of what makes people beautiful
to establish the idea that Alfonso is often in conflict with the people around him
to show that Alfonso has to work hard to look as good as other people do

In just over one hundred years, between 1701 and 1810, 252,500 enslaved africans were brought to barbados—an island that occupies only 166 square miles (making it, today, one of the smallest countries in the world). the english then set out to conquer more sugar islands, starting with jamaica, which they took from spain in 1655. in the same period that the 252,500 africans were brought to barbados, 662,400 africans were taken to jamaica. thus, sugar drove more than 900,000 people into slavery, across the atlantic, to barbados and jamaica—and these were just two of the sugar islands. the english were eagerly filling antigua, nevis, saint kitts, and montserrat with slaves and sugar mills. they took over much of dutch guiana for the same reason. seeing the fortunes being made in sugar, the french started their own scramble to turn the half of the island of hispaniola that they controlled (which is now haiti), as well as martinique, guadeloupe, and french guiana (along the south american coast near dutch guiana), into their own sugar colonies, which were filled with hundreds of thousands more african slaves. by 1753, british ships were taking average of 34,250 slaves from africa every year, and by 1768, that number had reached 53,100. –sugar changed the world, marc aronson and marina budhos how do the authors use historical evidence to support their claim? x(a) they use secondary sources to show how french and english monarchs were indifferent to enslaved people. x(b)they use secondary sources to show that enslaved people often fought for their freedom after arriving in the caribbean. the answer is: (c)they use facts from primary sources to show how countries increased the number of enslaved people to produce more sugar. x(d)they use primary source interviews to show that countries could make more money in trading sugar without using enslaved people.