Epigraphs, or quotations, often appear at the beginning of a work to summarize or emphasize author’s purpose. Epigraph: Why did Oates choose these two epigraphs to open her essay?

the answer is: the start of world war i, and russia’s hopes of benefiting from it

during world war i russian joined due to in their current crisis they were being supported by france and the war was already declared to them by germany, they needed to maintain their political goal and leadership role in the balkans, and is the same feeling that this excerpt evoke the eager of maintain the land value.

im not 100 percent sure but i think its a

b. we are called to honor our own words of reverent prayer with resolution in the deeds we must perform to preserve peace and the hope of freedom.