Can someone tell me what is abstract and concrete noun is in these questions??? PLEASE

Explanation:

Concrete and abstract nouns.  A concrete noun refers to a physical object in the real world, such as a dog, a ball, or an ice cream cone. An abstract noun refers to an idea or concept that does not exist in the real world and cannot be touched, like freedom, sadness, or permission

An abstract noun is something that is not in the physical world. A concrete noun is something that you can experience with one of your five sense.

Explanation:

the correct answer is a. how to make proposal that works.

indeed, the register is quite formal and the tone is especially objective as it avoids the use of the first and second person singular (i, you) and opts instead for the third person plural which is more impersonal and focuses on the data and the argument that is being developed by the author. the formality adds the impression of respectability to the work and the impersonality adds objectivity to it.