Read the excerpt from “Tools of the Spymaster."

The numbers that Major Tallmadge assigned to members of the Culper Ring were from a secret writing system he invented. He substituted digits for words that would be used in messages. "Long Island," for example, was 728, "arms" was 7, and "city" was 88. There was a number for each month, such as 341 for "January." He made four copies of his codes. He kept one and gave the others to Woodhull, Townsend, and General Washington. For words that did not have a number code, Tallmadge gave his agents a cipher. In a cipher, each letter in a message is replaced by another letter or a number.
Which statement best expresses the central idea of the excerpt?
A. Major Tallmadge developed a unique code system so that the Americans could send secret messages.
B. Major Tallmadge did not trust anyone with his codes other than Woodhull, Townsend, and General Washington.
C. The number codes used in secret messages were assigned only to members of the Culper Ring.
D. The code system Major Tallmadge designed did not work because some words did not have a number code.

Which excerpt from tinker v. des moines shows how precedent support an argument? a. "as we shall discuss, the wearing of armbands in the circumstances of this case was entirely divorced from actually or potentially disruptive conduct by those participating in it. it was closely akin to 'pure speech' which, we have repeatedly held, is entitled to comprehensive protection under the first amendment. cf. cox v. louisiana, 379 u. s. 536, 555 (1965); adderley v. florida, 385 u. s. 39 (1966)." b. "while the absence of obscene remarks or boisterous and loud disorder perhaps justifies the court's statement that the few armband students did not actually 'disrupt' the classwork, i think the record overwhelmingly shows that the armbands did exactly what the elected school officials and principals foresaw they would." c. "i, for one, am not fully persuaded that school pupils are wise enough, even with this court's expert from washington, to run the 23,390 public school systems [n4] in our 50 states." d. "under our constitution, free speech is not a right that is given only to be so circumscribed that it exists in principle, but not in fact. freedom of expression would not truly exist if the right could be exercised only in an area that a benevolent government has provided as a safe haven for crackpots."

25 ! which three lines in this excerpt from phillis wheatley's poem "goliath of gath" contain examples of figurative language? the hosts on two opposing mountains stood, thick as the foliage of the waving wood; between them an extensive valley lay, o'er which the gleaming armour pour'd the day, when from the camp of the philistine foes, dreadful to view, a mighty warrior rose; in the dire deeds of bleeding battle skill'd,

“third, all reviewers have a bias – no matter how impartial they try to be, opinions on movies are just that: opinions. this isn’t necessarily a bad thing: if you read a review by a critic that you know prefers foreign films, you know how seriously you should take his scathing critique of ironman.” according to this passage, all reviewers a. prefer foreign films c. have bias b. hated the movie ironman d. refuse to watch popular films