On page 11, spiegelman tells us that his father’s second wife mala was a survivor too, like most of his parents’ friends. why does spiegelman call mala a survivor? what does he mean?

Because she lived in Poland before the war.

Explanation:

The question refers to Maus, a graphic novel written by Ars Spiegelman, which tells the story of Spiegelman's family and how they survived to World War II. Mala was his father's second wife and Spiegelman calls her a survivor because of the difficult situation Poland had lived before the war spread in Europe, when the Nazis conquered her country and how people living there had to escape to survive.

churchill's serious tone makes it seem as though he is giving bad news rather than rallying support.