Which statement correctly identifies the cause-and-effect relationship?

the cause is giuseppe d'amico having a hard time finding a job, and the effect is living in manhattan.
the cause is not getting a job in manhattan, and the effect is being an electrician by trade.
the cause is electricians being unionized, and the effect is giuseppe d'amico having a hard time finding a job.
the cause is being an electrician by trade, and the effect is electricians being unionized in manhattan

Read the passage below and answer the question that follows. ‘you make me feel uncivilized, daisy,’ i confessed on my second glass of corky but rather impressive claret. ‘can’t you talk about crops or something? ’ i meant nothing in particular by this remark but it was taken up in an unexpected way. ‘civilization’s going to pieces,’ broke out tom violently. ‘i’ve gotten to be a terrible pessimist about things. have you read ‘the rise of the coloured empires’ by this man goddard? ’ ‘why, no,’ i answered, rather surprised by his tone. ‘well, it’s a fine book, and everybody ought to read it. the idea is if we don’t look out the white race will be—will be utterly submerged. it’s all scientific stuff; it’s been proved.’ in this passage, tom’s ideas about race relations come off as uncivilized. what literary device is fitzgerald using here? irony personification metaphor simile