How are the sentence patterns for asking questions different from the sentence patterns for making statements?
a) questions usually start with a verb or adverb.
b) questions always include a direct and indirect object.
c) questions don't use pronouns or adjectives.
d) questions are typically much shorter than statements.
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A) Questions usually start with a helping verb or adverb.

Explanation:

The sentence structure in statements and questions is different. In the case of statements, the main elements (subject, verb and direct object) must be organized in the following way:

Statements can also include indirect objects, adverbs, modal and auxiliary verbs, among other elements.

On the other hand, questions are organized in two ways, depending on the type of question:

Verb + Subject + Complement:

Is she your sister?

Modal/Auxiliary verb + Subject + Verb:

Will you go to the party? Do you like it? Can you answer the phone?

WH word + Verb + Subject:

What is this? Where are you?

WH word + Modal/Auxiliary verb + Subject + Verb:

Where will she go? What are you doing? What did you do last night?

i have heard the mermaids singing, each to each.

i do not think they will sing to me

answer; /// (the anagnorisis )