In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. presently; no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.
in the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
a. the first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.
b. the first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is that conclusion.
c. the first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion for which the argument provides further evidence; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
d. the first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is a claim presented in order to argue against deriving certain implications from that finding.
e. the first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is evidence presented to establish that the finding is accurate.

gilgamesh is an epic hero from birth, as he's brought to the world by the hand of several gods who shaped him with the goal of saving humanity. there's a passage from the text that reads "the glorious sun shamash bestowed upon him glory; adad the terrible god of storms bestowed upon him courage. the great gods perfected his magnificence beyond all others, terrible like the great wild bull". this is a great example that show some of the super-human qualities that the gods gave gilgamesh upon his birth.

as gilgamesh grows he has to face many challenges that put his heroism to task. the courage he displays along the way, prove that he's ready to live up to the godly qualities brought upon him. at one point he has to overcome a wild beast by the name of hubamba "whose roar is a flood, whose mouth is fire, whose breath is death", as the text reads. the actions taken by gilgamesh, beating the beast with the use of his super-human force, examplify why he shoud be thought of as an epic hero.

hope this !

with mrs. linde, nora reveals her insensitivity and lack of shame about the forgery she committed. she implies that mrs. linde has obviously aged since they last met 10 years earlier, which accounts for nora’s inability to recognize her old friend. although nora seems sympathetic to mrs. linde’s plight, she can’t seem to control herself from boasting about her three children, her husband’s recent promotion, and how good she feels to finally have some money to spend. in a way, she seems to be flaunting her good fortune in front of mrs. linde who, deprived of all these benefits, has come to ask nora for . it is also through her interactions with mrs. linde that we realize something deeper lies under nora’s seemingly childish exterior. she reveals the secret of her forgery to mrs. linde and seems to see herself as quite resourceful for having done it.

in the company of dr. rank, nora is freer than she is with her own husband. she openly laughs with joy at knowing that all the other bank employees will be under her husband’s control. she offers dr. rank a macaroon, apparently forgetting that he knows she is forbidden to eat them. she then quickly covers for herself by claiming that mrs. linde brought them. nora seems much more assertive and free with these other characters, as well as unabashedly willing to scheme, lie, and justify her transgressions as altruistic.  

krogstad provides an interesting parallel to nora. like nora, he too is guilty of committing forgery, for which torvald condemns him and decides to fire him. although krogstad is a man and nora a woman, their crimes of forgery unite them. in fact, krogstad might represent what nora would be like if she were a man and were not strictly scrupulous like her husband is. for example, she tells mrs. linde that "a barrister's profession is such an uncertain thing, especially if he won't undertake unsavoury cases; and naturally torvald has never been willing to do that." perhaps nora would have delved into the unsavory, given how opposite she is to her husband. krogstad's is also the only harsh voice of reality that nora is forced to hear, and that is because he blackmails her for her regaining his job at the bank. finally, torvald’s reaction to krogstad’s forgery seems to foreshadow his harsh and cold reaction to nora’s forgery.

i believe it is the first choice (1.)

because the major theme is(“both the wild and civilization have rules.”)

and also as u said,( based on what buck learns within the call of the wild, "both the wild and civilization have rules".this is true of humans within society as well.