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English, 28.06.2019 09:00, jameslinimk

Read the passage. excerpt from "a cooking revolution: how clean energy and cookstoves are saving lives" by chef josé andrés, june 7, 2016 cooking: it's a simple act that has brought families around the world together for thousands and thousands of years. as a chef, i can think of few things more beautiful than that. however, i also know how deadly such a simple act can be , not only to our health, but to our environment. think about it: for americans, turning on the stove means simply turning a knob or switch. for people living in developing countries, particularly women and children, it means hours of collecting fuels like firewood, dung, or coal to burn in a rudimentary, smoky cookstove or over an open fire. the result is a constant source of toxic smoke that families breathe in daily, causing diseases like child pneumonia, heart disease, and lung cancer ,  not to mention taking a child away from her education. in fact, diseases caused by smoke from open fires and stoves claim 4.3 million lives every year. that's more than aids, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. and the environment suffers, too. when people collect wood every day from their local forests to create charcoal or fuel for wood-burning stoves, it creates an unsustainable pace of deforestation that leads to mudslides, loss of watershed, and other environmental consequences. these stoves also contribute up to 25 percent of black carbon emissions, a pollutant that contributes directly to climate change. you see, from what we cook to how we cook, our food connects with our lives on so many levels. that's why having access to better technology and clean energy for cooking is as equally important as the ingredients in the food being prepared. it's also why i'm proud to support an effort to bring clean cookstoves and fuels to millions of people in developing countries. together with the united nations, the u. s. government, and partners around the world, the global alliance for clean cookstoves focuses on working with local communities and organizations to develop a market for cookstoves and fuels that significantly reduce emissions, cook more efficiently, and fit with local customs and culture. . the obama administration's investment goes a long way toward achieving our goal of bringing access to clean cookstoves and fuels to 100 million households in places like china, guatemala, kenya, and india by 2020. just last month, india's prime minister narendra modi announced his plan to connect 50 million indian families to clean cooking gas over the next three years. this is an important step being taken at an unprecedented scale, and it could protect the lives of millions, while also improving india's environment. that's powerful, people! mothers can be healthier. young girls have more time to go to school. forests grow again. people can feed themselves without risking their lives to cook a meal. that's what we can accomplish by providing clean cookstoves and fuels. and that's a simple act that can change the world for years and years to come. read this paragraph from the excerpt: and the environment suffers, too. when people collect wood every day from their local forests to create charcoal or fuel for wood-burning stoves, it creates an unsustainable pace of deforestation that leads to mudslides, loss of watershed, and other environmental consequences. these stoves also contribute up to 25 percent of black carbon emissions, a pollutant that contributes directly to climate change. why does the author place this paragraph immediately after the two paragraphs about diseases? a.)this paragraph continues the previous two paragraphs by providing evidence for their idea. b.)this paragraph makes a point that contrasts with the point of the previous two paragraphs. c.)this paragraph is less important than the previous ones, so it is placed later in the order. d.)this paragraph makes a related but broader point about environmental harm rather than harm to individuals.

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English, 21.06.2019 16:30, DerekMoncoal
What to the slave is the fourth of july? by frederick douglass fellow-citizens—pardon me, and allow me to ask, why am i called upon to speak here to-day? what have i, or those i represent, to do with your national independence? are the great principles of political freedom and of natural justice, embodied in that declaration of independence, extended to us? and am i, therefore, called upon to bring our humble offering to the national altar, and to confess the benefits, and express devout gratitude for the blessings, resulting from your independence to us? but, such is not the state of the case. i say it with a sad sense of the disparity between us. i am not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary! your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. the blessings in which you this day rejoice, are not enjoyed in common. the rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity, and independence, bequeathed by your fathers, is shared by you, not by me. the sunlight that brought life and healing to you, has brought stripes and death to me. this fourth of july is yours, not mine. you may rejoice, i must mourn. to drag a man in fetters into the grand illuminated temple of liberty, and call upon him to join you in joyous anthems, were inhuman mockery and sacrilegious irony. do you mean, citizens, to mock me, by asking me to speak to-day? fellow-citizens, above your national, tumultuous joy, i hear the mournful wail of millions, whose chains, heavy and grievous yesterday, are to-day rendered more intolerable by the jubilant shouts that reach them. if i do forget, if i do not faithfully remember those bleeding children of sorrow this day, "may my right hand forget her cunning, and may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth! " to forget them, to pass lightly over their wrongs, and to chime in with the popular theme, would be treason most scandalous and shocking, and would make me a reproach before god and the world. my subject, then, fellow-citizens, is american slavery. i shall see this day and its popular characteristics from the slave's point of view. standing there, identified with the american bondman, making his wrongs mine, i do not hesitate to declare, with all my soul, that the character and conduct of this nation never looked blacker to me than on this fourth of july. whether we turn to the declarations of the past, or to the professions of the present, the conduct of the nation seems equally hideous and revolting. what is one of the lessons douglass impresses on his listeners? a) the nation should not rejoice until everyone has freedom. b) he must speak on the fourth of july in order to bring change. c) for him to join the celebration would be treason. d) he can see the perspective of slaves and citizens with equal clarity.
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