Which of these statements requires a citation when used in a research paper?

a. lorne falconi sugggest that an existential angst hovers over salinger’s characters
b. a famous recluse, salinger would not give interviews or meet his fans
c. it seems to me that salinger’s protagonists all think “to be or not to be,” like hamlet.
d. j. d. salinger was born in 1919 and died in 2010

"such has been the patient suffrence of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to after their former systems of government. the history of the present king of great britain is a history of reapeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishedment of an absolute tyranny over these states." which statement best describes the excerpt