Read the two passages. passage 1 many people think that standardized testing is unnecessary; however, standardized testing is the only way to measure student achievement. viewing student testing only from a student’s perspective is missing the point. if we think of it in practical terms, we can see that testing students gives us a baseline to assist those students in their areas of greatest need. without standardized testing, that assistance would not be possible. passage 2 students experience anxiety during standardized testing. everyone knows this, and everyone should realize that no child deserves to feel unnecessary stress. imagine one of your own children suffering through the rigors of a week—or more—of testing. imagine that anxiety, even though there were clearly alternatives available to avoid it. this is just one of the many reasons to eliminate standardized testing in our schools. how do the fallacies in the first passage differ from the fallacies in the second? passage 1 contains an ad hominem attack, while passage 2 contains a false dilemma. passage 1 contains a false dilemma, while passage 2 contains a bandwagon appeal. passage 1 contains a bandwagon appeal, while passage 2 contains an appeal to emotion. passage 1 contains an appeal to emotion, while passage 2 contains an ad hominem attack.

Which sentence has an incorrect shift in pronoun-antecedent agreement? a) each teacher needs to be paired up. b) each man needs to carry his own load. c) each of these women runs their own business. d) each child should bring his or her own lunch.

In which part of this excerpt from the gettysburg address does president abraham lincoln argue that the outcome of the war will depend on the determination and loyalty of northern citizens? four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. we are met on a great battle-field of that war. we have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. but, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow— this ground. the brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. it is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us— that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under god, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Which of the following statements is false? a. works of fiction have only one clear meaning. b. works of fiction are open to interpretation. c. interpretative essays need textual evidence to support claims about a work. d. a reader should write about ideas in fiction that interest him or her.