How do line 38 through 45 support the idea that cousteau and gagnon built on the work of those who came before by modifying existing technology and devices

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The history of scuba diving is closely linked with the history of scuba equipment. By the turn of the twentieth century, two basic architectures for underwater breathing apparatus had been pioneered; open-circuit surface supplied equipment where the diver's exhaled gas is vented directly into the water, and closed-circuit breathing apparatus where the diver's carbon dioxide is filtered from unused oxygen, which is then recirculated. Closed circuit equipment was more easily adapted to scuba in the absence of reliable, portable, and economical high pressure gas storage vessels. By the mid twentieth century, high pressure cylinders were available and two systems for scuba had emerged: open-circuit scuba where the diver's exhaled breath is vented directly into the water, and closed-circuit scuba where the carbon dioxide is removed from the diver's exhaled breath which has oxygen added and is recirculated. Oxygen rebreathers are severely depth limited due to oxygen toxicity risk, which increases with depth, and the available systems for mixed gas rebreathers were fairly bulky and designed for use with diving helmets. The first commercially practical scuba rebreather was designed and built by the diving engineer Henry Fleuss in 1878, while working for Siebe Gorman in London. His self contained breathing apparatus consisted of a rubber mask connected to a breathing bag, with an estimated 50–60% oxygen supplied from a copper tank and carbon dioxide scrubbed by passing it through a bundle of rope yarn soaked in a solution of caustic potash. During the 1930s and all through World War II, the British, Italians and Germans developed and extensively used oxygen rebreathers to equip the first frogmen. In the U.S. Major Christian J. Lambertsen invented an underwater free-swimming oxygen rebreather. In 1952 he patented a modification of his apparatus, this time named SCUBA,(an acronym for "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus"),which became the generic English word for autonomous breathing equipment for diving, and later for the activity using the equipment.[8] After World War II, military frogmen continued to use rebreathers since they do not make bubbles which would give away the presence of the divers. The high percentage of oxygen used by these early rebreather systems limited the depth at which they could be used due to the risk of convulsions caused by acute oxygen toxicity.[9]:1–11  

english novelist and poet, the eldest of the three brontë sisters who survived into adulthood and whose novels became classics of english literature.

she enlisted in school at roe head in january 1831, aged 14 years. she left the year after to teach her sisters, emily and anne, at home, returning in 1835 as a governess. in 1839 she undertook the role as governess for the sidgwick family, but left after a few months to return to haworth where the sisters opened a school, but failed to attract pupils. instead they turned to writing and they each first published in 1846 under the pseudonyms of currer, ellis and acton bell. her first novel the professor was rejected by publishers, her second novel jane eyre was published in 1847. the sisters admitted to their bell pseudonyms in 1848, and by the following year were celebrated in london literary circles.

brontë experienced the early deaths of all her siblings. she became pregnant shortly after her marriage in june 1854 but died on 31 march 1855, almost certainly from hyperemesis gravidarum, a complication of pregnancy which causes excessive nausea and vomiting.

explanation:

a is the indefinite article