Aline of reasoning that presents the opposite side of the author’s argument is called a .

A line of reasoning that presents the opposite side of the authors argument is called counterclaim. It can also be referred as counterargument or rebuttal. It provides a different side to your current argument, basically the opposite of your thesis.

It gives the reader a glimpse of why people might support the opposing side, supported by some facts, but by giving enough evidence to support his own thesis he shows why it is better not to.

I believe the answer is: Counterclaim

In literature, Counterclaim is made when an author is disagreeing with the opinion or conclusion that is made by another author.

The counterclaims would usually go back and forth between these authors until they reach some sort of resolution or decided to walkaway.

c) problem and solution