During cyclic loading, stress concentrations are….? A Applicable, calculated using the same factor as for static loading
B Not applicable, this is already estimated by the endurance limit
C Not applicable, stress cannot be concentrated by a cyclic load
D Applicable, using distinct from the static loading stress concentration factor

Amixture of slurry and mud is to be pumped through a horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm. the fluid behaves as a bingham plastic with a yield stress of 30 pa and viscosity 0.04 pa. s. describe the effects of the shear stress through a transverse section of the pipe by plotting the variation in shear stress and velocity profile: (i) just before the slurry starts to move (ii) as the slurry flows when the pressure gradient is double that in part (i)