You arrive at your lab at 8 A. M. and add an indeterminate quantity of bacterial cells to a flask. At 11 A. M you measure the number of cells using a spectrophotometer (the absorbance of light is directly related to the number of cells) and determine from a previous calibration that the flask contains 4550 cells/mL, and at 5 P. M. the cell concentration has reached 48530 cells/mL. A. Fit each of the following formulas to the two given data points (that is, determine the values of the two constants in each formula): linear growth, C = C0 + kt; exponential growth, C = C0e^kt; power-law growth, C = kt^b. In these expressions, C0 is the initial cell concentration and k and b are constants.
B. Select the most reasonable of the three formulas and justify your selection.
C. Estimate the initial number of cells present at 8 A. M. (t = 0). State any assumptions you make. D. The culture needs to be split into two equal parts once the number of cells reaches 2 million. Estimate the time at which you would have to come back to perform this task. State any assumptions you make. If this is a routine operation that you must perform often, what does your result suggest about the scheduling of the experiment?

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Infrared sensor is most used sensor in wireless technology where remote controlling functions and detection of surrounding objects/ obstacles are involved. this post will discuss about what is infrared sensor, its working principle, how it works, types, applications, advantages and disadvantages. what is infrared sensor

ir sensor is a simple electronic device which emits and detects ir radiation in order to find out certain objects/obstacles in its range. some of its features are heat and motion sensing.

ir sensors use infrared radiation of wavelength between 0.75 to 1000µm which falls between visible and microwave regions of electromagnetic spectrum. ir region is not visible to human eyes. infrared spectrum is categorized into three regions based on its wavelength i.e. near infrared, mid infrared, far infrared.

wavelength regions of infrared spectrum

near ir – 0.75µm to 3 µm
mid ir – 3 µm to 6 µm
far ir – > 6 µm
1 introduction to infrared sensor

fig. 1 – introduction to infrared sensor

working principle of infrared sensor

infrared sensors works on three fundamental physics laws:

planck’s radiation law: any object whose temperature is not equal to absolute zero (0 kelvin) emits radiation.
stephan boltzmann law: the total energy emitted at all wavelengths by a black body is related to the absolute temperature.
wein’s displacement law: objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different wavelengths that is inversely proportional to temperature.
key elements of infrared detection system

the key elements of infrared detection system are:

ir transmitter

ir transmitter acts as source for ir radiation. according to plank’s radiation law, every object is a source of ir radiation at temp t above 0 kelvin. in most cases black body radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, infrared lasers, leds of infrared wavelength are used as sources.

transmission medium

as the name suggests, transmission medium provides passage for the radiation to reach from ir transmitter to ir receiver. vacuum, atmosphere and optical fibers are used as medium.

ir receiver

generally ir receivers are photo diode and photo transistors. they are capable of detecting infrared radiation. hence ir receiver is also called as ir detector. variety of receivers are available based on wavelength, voltage and package.

ir transmitter and receivers are selected with matching parameters. some of deciding specifications of receivers are photosensitivity or responsivity, noise equivalent power and detectivity.