Shi et al. (2013) measured the diffusivity of fluorescein (MW = 332), a fluorescent tracer, in the porcine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disk using a technique known as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The TMJ disk consists mostly of water and a large amount of type I collagen. The overall average diffusivity of fluorescein in the TMJ disk was found to be 57.0 μm2 s−1. Using the Brinkman model, estimate the value of κ for fluorescein diffusion in the porcine TMJ disk.

The accuracy of survey radiographs in the diagnosis of acute thoracolumbar disc disease in 36 Dachshunds was determined by comparison with lumbar myelographic findings using iohexol. The value of making radiographs immediately after injection of contrast medium and the effectiveness of oblique radiographs in determining the exact circumferential distribution of extruding or protruding disc material were assessed. The presence of a double contrast medium column, resistance to injection and the presence of cerebrospinal fluid flow during needle placement was also evaluated. The location of the affected disc was accurately determined on survey radiographs in only 26 dogs. The myelographic technique used in this study resulted in the correct intervertebral space being identified, together with the exact circumferential distribution of disc material, in 35 dogs. Survey radiographs alone are inadequate for localization of protruding or extruding disc material

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